2010 Audi R8 Spyder 5.2 FSI quattro V10 engine

2010 Audi R8 Spyder 5.2 FSI quattro V10 engine

While everybody and their brother likes the R8, there is a small, but vocal minority that's always thought coupe looked a little funny. Well, that group of naysayers can now put a sock in it, as the R8 Spyder is simply gorgeous. Gone are the carbon fiber side blades, in are sensible but somehow better looking slab sides. Regardless, it's simply hot. Exceptional performance and breathtaking dynamism coupled with the intense sensations of open-top driving: Audi presents the R8 Spyder 5.2 FSI quattro. Its lightweight cloth top opens and closes fully automatically; several body parts are made of a carbon fiber composite material.

2010 Audi R8 Spyder 5.2 FSI quattro V10 engine

The V10 engine produces 386 kW (525 hp) and launches the open-top two-seater to 100 km/h (62.14 mph) in 4.1 seconds; 0 – 200 km/h (124.27 mph) in 12.7 seconds; on its way to a top speed of 313 km/h (194.49 mph) with the six-speed manual transmission. The 5.2-liter engine features FSI direct fuel injection. Equipped with a manual transmission, the R8 Spyder 5.2 FSI quattro consumes an average of 14.9 liters of fuel per 100 km (15.79 US mpg) – a good figure given its power. With R tronic, this figure improves to 13.9 liters (16.92 US mpg). Featuring technologies such as the Audi Space Frame (ASF), quattro permanent all-wheel drive, full-LED headlights and with an innovative seatbelt microphone available as an option, the R8 Spyder 5.2 FSI quattro is the new top-of-the-range Audi.

2010 Audi R8 Spyder 5.2 FSI quattro V10 engine

Unlike the Coupé, the Spyder does not have sideblades behind the doors. The side panels and the large cover over the storage compartment for the cloth top are made of a carbon fiber composite. Two arched cowls, which extend to the spoiler lip and include large, integrated air vents, give the rear of the open-top two-seater a powerful profile.

2010 Audi R8 Spyder 5.2 FSI quattro V10 engine

The electrohydraulic soft top opens and closes in 19 seconds, even while driving at speeds up to 50 km/h (31.07 mph). When opened, it folds like a Z into its storage compartment over the V10 engine. The compartment cover opens and closes automatically. The heated glass window, which is separate from the cloth top, is lowered into the bulkhead. It can be independently raised and lowered at the press of a switch, with the top up or down. Audi offers the R8 Spyder 5.2 FSI quattro with a choice of three colors for the top. The body is available in eleven paint finishes, with metallic and pearl effect finishes standard. The windshield frame is coated with anodized aluminum. The leather for the seats are colored with pigments that reflect the infrared component of sunlight, which keeps the seats up to 20 degrees Celsius (68 degrees Fahrenheit) cooler.

2010 Audi R8 Spyder 5.2 FSI quattro V10 engine

A worldwide first is the optional seatbelt microphone for the hands-free unit, which makes it possible to talk on the phone even with the top down on the highway. Three small, flat microphones are integrated into both seatbelts. At least one of them is ideally positioned relative to the speaker when the belt is on. There is a fourth microphone in the windshield frame. 

2010 Audi R8 Spyder 5.2 FSI quattro V10 engine

The quattro permanent all-wheel drive features a central viscous coupling and distributes power to all four wheels with a heavy rear bias. It works together with the locking differential on the rear axle to provide significantly greater traction, stability, cornering speed and precision. It is the superior technology – in particular for a high-performance sports car.

2010 Heynsdyk 2500SF roadster from Dutch

2010 Heynsdyk 2500SF roadster 

Once in a blue moon in the automotive industry an unique vehicle comes to play. Such vehicle is 2500SF roadster from Dutch Heynsdyk. The Dutch have always had a penchant for the bizarre and unorthodox. From their unique 'coffee shops', to their individualist sense of style the people of Holland have always liked to go their own way. And that applies to car design as well. Spyker supercars are from Holland, and whether you love them or hate them, they really are very different in style to any other vehicle on the road.

2010 Heynsdyk 2500SF roadster 

A small independent builder in Eindhoven has given further weight to the argument by introducing this, the Heynsdyk 2500SF. Designed and engineered by Ronald Heijnsdijk, the car is based on the Porsche 944 platform and is essentially a kit car which can be ordered in component or fully finished form. However instead of being some sort of generic copy of another the vehicle, the 2500SF has a completely original style which is a mixture of hits and misses.

2010 Heynsdyk 2500SF roadster 

This is the Heynsdyk 2500SF from Holland: a bespoke body placed over the engine, electronics, and drivetrain of a Porsche 944. The design process took years to complete, but the decision to base the car on the 944 was made quickly. 100% galvanized, reliable and readily available. The substantially lighter body, in galvanized steel, takes weight down to 900 kilograms (1,980 pounds) while maintaining 50/50 weight distribution. There are six engine choices, from a basic 2.5-liter four-cylinder with 163 horsepower, to a 2.5-liter four-pot S-motor with a turbo. That one will get you 250 horsepower, and from 0 to 60 in six seconds. Top speed is limited to 250 kilometers per hour (155 miles per hour). The transmission is handled by a 5 speed manual which sends the power to the rear wheels.

2010 Heynsdyk 2500SF roadster 

Specification   

Year               : 2010

Engine             : four cylinder, 2.5 cylinder, Turbo or naturally aspirated

Transmission    : 5 speed manual, RWD

Max speed      : 155 mph (limited)

0-60 mph        : 6 seconds (turbo)

Horsepower    :    250 horsepower (turbo)

weight             : 900 kgs / 1,980 lbs

2010 Heynsdyk 2500SF roadster

The front angle is by far and away the worst area of the vehicle aesthetically. Here a random and mismatched assortment of lights and grilles come together to form a unique but far from pretty face. In profile things start to get better, and the proportions of the car are generally quite pleasing. The car shows off its best side when viewed from the rear. The well thought out mix of nicely sculpted roll bars, beefed up wheel arches, neat taillights and sloping decklid come together very well indeed.

You can buy the car as a kit or a finished product, and prices start at €14,750 ($20,798 U.S.) for the kit, or €36,995 ($52,158 U.S.) for a ready runner. Like its countrymate Spyker, what the car might lack in beauty it makes up for in unique and arresting looks.

Source: Heynsdyk.com

2010 Carlsson C25 Super-GT Concept a beautiful sports coupé

2010 Carlsson C25 Super-GT Concept

At the 2010 Geneva Motor Show the German tuning firm Carlsson, who unsurprisingly specialize in modding Mercedes-Benz models, will unveil the C25 - an insanely aggressive 753 horsepower monster.

2010 Carlsson C25 Super-GT Concept

Carlsson C25 is the first self-developed automobile from Carlsson and are presenting C25 at Geneva Auto Show this March. The concept of this Super-GT is based on the vision of combining maximum driving performance with an entirely new design and high exclusiveness. The result is a breathtaking and beautiful sports coupé with 753 hp in a limited edition of only 25 cars world-wide. Thereby, each automobile will be as individual as its future owner.

2010 Carlsson C25 Super-GT Concept

Carlsson presents an own developed automobile at this year’s Geneva Motor Show – the Carlsson C25 Limited Super-GT. The concept of this Super-GT is based on the vision of combining maximum driving performance with an entirely new design and high exclusiveness. The result is a breathtaking and beautiful sports coupé with 753 hp in a limited edition of only 25 cars world-wide.

2010 Carlsson C25 Super-GT Concept

The performance data of the six litre V12 Bi-Turbo is impressive. The high-performance aggregate with a motor management optimisation patented by Carlsson renders 753 hp (554 kW) and allows fast acceleration as well as smooth travels at lower speeds. Also responsible for the perfect performance evolvement is the elaborately developed stainless steel exhaust system with ends in four edgy pipes at the back. The power catapults the C25 with a torque of 1320 Newton metres at 3750 r.p.m. which is electronically limited to 1,150 Newton metres from 0 to 100 km/h in only 3.7 seconds and achieves a maximum speed of 352 km/h.

2010 Carlsson C25 Super-GT Concept

The Carlsson C25 Super-GT Concept also comes with an ultra-light and forged wheels 1/10 UL in the dimensions 9,5×20 and 12×20 inches have been especially designed for the C25 and are equipped with high performance tyres measuring 265/30 at the front and 325/25 at the rear live axle.

2010 Honda Racing HSV-010 Super GT (Spec and Picture)

2010 Honda Racing HSV-010 Super GT

2010 Honda Racing HSV-010 Super GT

    2010 Honda Racing HSV-010 Super GT

    2010 Honda Racing HSV-010 Super GT

    2010 Honda Racing HSV-010 Super GT

    2010 Honda Racing HSV-010 Super GT

Honda Motor Co., Ltd. introduced the Honda HSV-010 GT, which will compete in the GT500 class of the 2010 Super GT Series.

Honda HSV-010 GT Technical Specifications :
    - Dimensions
          * Length: 4675 mm
          * Width: 2000 mm
          * Vehicle weight: 1100+ kg
    - Engine
          * Engine name: HR10EG
          * Configuration: Liquid-cooled, naturally aspirated, longitudinal V8
          * V angle: 90°
          * Valve train: Gear-driven DOHC - 2 intake and 2 exhaust valves per cylinder
          * Displacement: 3397 cm3
          * Bore x stroke: 93.0 x 62.5 mm
          * Maximum output: 500 PS (370 KW)
          * Maximum torque: 392 Nm
          * Throttle control system: Mechanical
          * Fuel supply system: Programmed fuel injection system (Honda PGM-FI)
          * Fuel: Lead-free premium gasoline
          * Lubrication: Dry sump
    - Powertrain
          * Transmission mechanism: Constant mesh
          * Transmission shifting method: Steering paddle shifter
          * Steering system mechanism: Rack and pinion system with electric power steering (EPS)

    - Tires
          * front: 330/40R18
          * rear: 330/45R17
    - Brake type and mechanism: Hydraulic ventilated disc system
    - Suspension system: Double wishbone
    - Stabilizer: Torsion bar

Concept car : Chevy Camaro 2010

Chevy gives the Camaro a long list of tuning options from GM's Performance Parts division

The key word for the Chevy Camaro is heritage. And with this offering by GM's Performance Parts division, the Chevy brand restores a little of the romance that helped make the Camaro one of the icons of American car culture.

The list of tuning options is long and includes both interior and exterior trim kits, from cabin design to classic stripe kits in various colors. What stands out are the rally and hockey stick-style strip options which evoke the past (yet another 70s-referencing design cue) while keeping the contemporary Camaro relevant in the marketplace today simply by its boldness alone.



Also on offer here are some performance goodies for under the hood and beyond. It includes air box and exhaust kits for both the V6 and V8 engines to improve performance and accentuate sound. And the real kicker, a short-throw shifter developed with Hurst with the classic styling of that well-know parts maker.



No details on pricing or performance boosting are available but the pics tell their own story.



Source: GM

full story

Concept car : Hurst Silver and Black Series 4 Challenger 2010

Hurst Performance Vehicles unveiled the first-ever Series 4 Supercharged 2010 Hurst/Hemi Challenger, dressed in the signature silver and black Hurst colors at the “Back to the Bricks” celebration in Flint, Mich

The numbered silver and black Challengers come equipped with a wild red anodized HARD-DRIVE® pistol grip Hurst shifter and 20″ one-piece polished aluminum Hurst forged wheels, featuring graphite gray painted spoke insets and red and black Hurst logo wheel centers. Hurst collaborated with Katzkin on the car’s black leather interior, which features perforated red inserts, red top-stitching and logos. Each Challenger contains traditional Hurst red and black logos in the dash badge, grille badge, wheel centers, fender graphics and the embroidered floor mats.

The Performance Series cars are a limited numbered series. Each comes with a sequentially numbered dash badge and its own Certificate of Authenticity. These cars all feature Hurst’s own AIR-SPEED® rear deck spoiler painted in body colors, Hurst/Eibach suspension, shocks and sway bars, Hurst/Magnaflow polished stainless steel cat-back exhaust, BF Goodrich KDW Performance Tires, Hurst/Katzkin leather interior, embroidered logo floor mats, a custom car cover and K&N Air Filters. Hurst cars feature painted stripes and graphics under clear, not stickers. SERIES 3 through 5 feature HURST/Vortech superchargers.

The HURST/Hemi®-Challenger is available in five performance stages. Series 2 vehicles are available through participating Dodge dealers nationwide, while Series 3, 4 and 5 vehicles are only available from Hurst Performance Vehicles and can be ordered via the company’s website at www.hurst-performance.com

2010 Audi R8 V10 5.2 FSI quattro high-performance Sports Car

2010 Audi R8 V10 5.2 FSI quattro

Audi announced that the price for the highly anticipated 2010 Audi R8 5.2 FSI quattro V10 sports car will be rolled out in Germany in the second quarter of 2009 at a basic price of EUR 142,400. The Audi R8 V10 is the result of cumulative know-how from Audi's string of Le Mans victories. Its naturally aspirated engine combines racing technology such as dry sump lubrication with FSI gasoline direct injection. The ten-cylinder design is the perfect synthesis for impressive top performance, mighty pulling power, and low weight. Starting in 2009, this engine will also prove its potential on the world's racetracks - in the new Audi R8 GT3 racing car Audi is developing for customer teams in conformance with the GT3 rules.

2010 Audi R8 V10 5.2 FSI quattro

Audi R8 V10 5.2 FSI quattro is the next variant of its top-of-the-line model. With the Audi R8, the brand has established itself at the forefront of high-end sports cars from the very start - and now comes the Audi R8 V10. Its 5.2-liter, ten-cylinder engine churns out 386 kW (525 hp) and 530 Nm (390.91 lb-ft) of torque, which makes for breathtaking performance. With superior Audi technologies such as quattro all-wheel drive, the lightweight aluminum body, the innovative all-LED headlights, and its striking design, the Audi R8 V10 takes pole position against the competition.

2010 Audi R8 V10 5.2 FSI quattro

The V10 engine in the production sports car will be almost identical in construction to the one in the racing version. Its displacement is 5,204 cc, at 6,500 rpm it delivers 530 Nm (390.91 lb-ft) of torque, at 8,000 rpm its power tops out at 386 kW (525 hp). The specific power output is 100.9 hp per liter of displacement - and each hp has to propel only 3.09 kilograms (6.91 lb) of weight, because the Audi R8 V10 in the version with the six-speed manual gearshift weighs only 1,620 kilograms (3571 lb). The engine accounts for 258 of these kilograms (569 lb) - that's only 31 kilos (68 lb) more than the V8.

2010 Audi R8 V10 5.2 FSI quattro

The 5.2-liter powerplant uses direct injection according to the FSI principle developed by Audi. The Audi R8 V10 with R tronic gets by on an average of 13.7 liters per 100 km (17.17 US mpg). The Audi R8 V10 5.2 FSI quattro rockets from zero to 100 km/h (62.14 mph) in 3.9 seconds. In the version with the sequentially shifting R tronic it reaches 200 km/h (124.27 mph) in another 8.1 seconds. Even then its propulsive power hardly lessens: it's sufficient to reach a top speed of 316 km/h (196.35 mph). The immense force, the spontaneity and the thrust of the acceleration, plus the sound of the engine - all these impressions coalesce into a breathtaking sports car experience. The V10 plays a concert with growling bass tones and powerful high notes, which grows into a grandiose fortissimo as the engine revs up. This sonorous acceleration doesn't reach its limit until 8,700 rpm.

2010 Audi R8 V10 5.2 FSI quattro

A contributing factor to the wide lead in traction and driving safety of the Audi R8 V10 over the competition is quattro all-wheel drive - it's the superior technology especially for a high-performance sports car. Four powered wheels get more grip than two. They enable the driver to step on the gas sooner when coming out of a curve. It's not only the traction that benefits, but also the transverse dynamics and the stability.

 2010 Audi R8 V10 5.2 FSI quattro

2010 Gemballa Super Sports Car MIG-U1 Ferrari Enzo

2010 Gemballa Super Sports Car MIG-U1 Ferrari Enzo

Now, the company manager from Leonberg near Stuttgart takes on a new challenge. The automobile manufacturer turns the most potent super sports car from Maranello, the Ferrari Enzo, into the GEMBALLA MIG-U1 - an individually produced edition, limited to only 25 cars. In the last 27 years, Uwe Gemballa has achieved the best world-wide reputation for refining Porsche cars. The core part of the overall makeover is the entirely re-engineered aerodynamics concept by GEMBALLA. Without any exception, the manufacturer produces all components in real carbon in order to combine lowest weight with highest material strength.

2010 Gemballa Super Sports Car MIG-U1 Ferrari Enzo

Owing to the active aerodynamics conception, the front spoiler lip generates an additional downthrust of up to 35 kilograms at the front axle, according to the individual position. Analogically, the flap on the newly designed rear spoiler generates even up to 85 kilograms more downthrust on the rear wheels. For optimal handling results, the flap lowers, as soon as the car reaches a speed of 120 km/h. In this way, the GEMBALLA-aerodynamics concept adjusts to the outer conditions and always ensures perfect road holding characteristics. All components of the aerodynamics kit attribute to this: starting from the new front skirt with spoiler lip, over the door extensions to the diffuser and rear spoiler.

2010 Gemballa Super Sports Car MIG-U1 Ferrari Enzo

The air duct system of the GEMBALLA MIG-U1 does not only help bringing the power of the twelve-cylinder car onto the road. At the same time, the engineers from Leonberg (Baden-Wurttemberg) develop an extensive ventilation- and cooling concept. Here, both the front and the back wheel-houses are supplied with cooling air and this guarantees an optimal use of the high performance braking system. The GEMBALLA car body components therefore guarantee the functionality of the new super sports car and provide the car with a unique look at the same time. Following the design of Formula-1 racing cars, the GEMBALLA MIG-U1 has an extended front and an edged rear spoiler. Formerly rounded edges were replaced in order to provide the car with an aggressive look with greedy air inlets and outlets.

2010 Gemballa Super Sports Car MIG-U1 Ferrari Enzo

The twelve cylinder engine of the GEMBALLA MIG-U1 works with an optimised motor management and an especially adjusted exhaust system. This combination allows a performance output of 700 hp (515 kW). The four-pipe system with pneumatic flap control is added to the sports catalyser. The end-pipes are equipped with the typical GEMBALLA heat shield and share the exit into the rear skirt with the exhaust ducts of the rear wheel houses.

2010 Gemballa Super Sports Car MIG-U1 Ferrari Enzo

In the interior, GEMBALLA devises a control centre which perfectly combines functionality and comfort. The especially for the GEMBALLA MIG-U1 designed seats, the custom-made centre console and the sports steering wheel with its leather-ultra suede combination guarantee full control over the car. At the same time,
the interior of this super sports car reflects pure luxury.

2010 Gemballa Super Sports Car MIG-U1 Ferrari Enzo

With the GEMBALLA MIG-U1, the automobile manufacturer once again proves that its know-how is not only limited to Porsche cars. On the basis of the already exhilarating Ferrari Enzo, the engineers developed a unique car. But even the limited edition with only 25 cars is not exclusive enough for GEMBALLA. Therefore, every single GEMBALLA MIG-U1 is individually adjusted. This ensures that there will not be any identical cars. Therefore, the specialist with its reputation for unique high-end refinement once again meets the requirements for highest individuality.

2010 Gemballa Super Sports Car MIG-U1 Ferrari Enzo

2010 Gemballa Super Sports Car MIG-U1 Ferrari Enzo

2010 Peugeot Sports Coupe SR1 Concept

The hard top echoes the feel of this intense, high-tech assembly: It uses preformed profile technology derived from the world of sailing. It blends with the body, creating the illusion of a Coupé. The Peugeot SR1, however, radiates the same visual strength, with or without the hard top. Finally, the Peugeot SR1 Concept displays the new Peugeot Lion badge. Redesigned, finely worked and sculpted, it mirrors perfectly the perception of the vehicle as a whole.

2010 Peugeot Sports Coupe SR1 Concept

Overall the Peugeot SR1 concept car gives the impression it has been carved from a solid block of material, monolithic, protective, sculptural and dynamic. At every moment it makes a great play on contrasts: purity and technological sophistication, authenticity and advanced technologies, expressiveness and understatement. making it a car that is quite simply. desirable!

2010 Peugeot Sports Coupe SR1 Concept

The interior ambience blends colours and materials, with strong references to "a past motoring era" combined with "the latest advanced technology". Inside the vehicle, patinated leather and different grained wood are examples of the use of authentic and natural materials, warm, sensual and charged with history, that blend seamlessly with, "high tech" materials such as nickel and satin-finished chrome.

2010 Peugeot Sports Coupe SR1 Concept

The Peugeot SR1 Concept also blends styles in terms of its technical characteristics. For example, it incorporates HYbrid4 technology, which will be launched in the Peugeot 3008 in 2011. In the Peugeot SR1, at the front, a 1.6 litre THP petrol engine with a power of 160 kW (218 bhp), is combined with a rear electric motor developing 70 kW (95 bhp). In electric only mode, the car becomes a ZEV (Zero Emission Vehicle), while its combined cycle fuel consumption is only 4.9 litres/100 km or 119 g/km of CO2. When the two powertrains operate simultaneously, the SR1 develops a potential maximum power of 230 kW (313 bhp) and also benefits from 4-wheel drive.

2010 Peugeot Sports Coupe SR1 Concept

Using HYbrid4 technology, which will eventually become available on different models in the Peugeot range, the SR1 concept offers convincing proof that driving pleasure can be combined with environmental friendliness.

The vehicle’s dynamic efficiency is enhanced by the use of a rigid, lightweight structure comprising of a one-piece body and a tubular chassis onto which are mounted the mechanical components and suspension, which consists of double wishbones with drop links both at the front and the rear.

2010 Peugeot Sports Coupe SR1 Concept

For even greater driving precision, the Peugeot SR1 Concept benefits from the adoption of 4-wheel steering. The turning angle of the rear wheels is controlled as a function of the vehicle speed, via motorised links on the rear wishbones, giving the vehicle superb agility under all circumstances.

The Peugeot SR1 Concept car will be unveiled to the general public at the 2010 Geneva Motor Show.

2010 Nissan Sports Car 370Z Roadster

2010 Nissan Sports Car 370Z Roadster

Nissan announced its new sports car design and performance, the 2010 Nissan 370Z Roadster. The 370Z Roadster offers everything the hardtop 370Z Coupe does and more. 370Z Roadster comes with more classic open-air sports car driving excitement and more refinement than any Z convertible that has ever come before, including a standard automatic latching power top and Nissan Intelligent KeyTM. Also offered are an array of technology and convenience features, including the first-ever Z® Roadster-available heating and cooling ventilated net seats, satellite radio and advanced Nissan Navigation System. The new Z® Roaster is offered in two well-equipped models – 370Z Roadster and the 370Z Touring Roadster. Nissan Nissan 370Z Roadster Joins 370Z Coupe in Nissan Showrooms In Late Summer 2009.

2010 Nissan Sports Car 370Z Roadster

The wait is over, the Roadster is here and the 370Z line-up is even more exciting than ever. While the quality, performance and thrills of Nissan’s much loved Coupe have already made it a hit with sports car fans, the 370Z range is now complete following the arrival of the stunning Roadster version. Anyone wanting the ultimate wind-in-the-hair performance will have a choice of two trim levels – the standard 370Z Roadster or the GT Pack. Crucially, all models come with the same 3.7-litre V6 petrol engine which is at the heart of every 370Z. Now compliant with the latest Euro 5 emissions regulations, the V6 packs a 328 PS punch to go with its glorious engine note.

2010 Nissan Sports Car 370Z Roadster

Even standard Roadster models come equipped with newly designed 18-inch alloy wheels, electrically adjustable seats, an engine start/stop button, Bluetooth connectivity with steering wheel mounted controls and Bi Xenon headlamps. Upgrade to the GT Pack and the list of standard kit grows to include black suede and leather seats, an 8 speaker BOSE audio system, 19-inch forged alloy wheels and cruise control. Every inch the understudy to the mighty GT-R supercar, the 370Z’s performance is far from diluted in Roadster form.

2010 Nissan Sports Car 370Z Roadster

Best of all, this can all be experienced with the roof down. The Roadster’s black hood not only gives an authentic convertible look and feel, but its shape has been styled to look great up or down. The one motion closed-to-open movement takes around 20 seconds and a specially developed full body-colour hard tonneau cover helps to eliminate wind turbulence at speed.

2010 Nissan Sports Car 370Z Roadster

Prices start at £29,900 for the 370Z Roadster and rise to £36,150 for the Roadster GT Pack with Sat Nav. A full price list can be found below.

2010 Nissan Sports Car 370Z Roadster

The launch of the 370Z Roadster also marks the arrival of the 2010 model year Coupe. In addition to the engine tweaks bringing its V6 powerplant in line with the latest environmental regulations, the Z is now available with Uphill Start Support to make getting the best out of the sporty Nissan even more stress-free (not fitted on the standard model).